Some countries experienced shortages of donor blood, as a result loads of crisis space patients are often not helped. One of the much-needed blood components can at the moment be made from materials which can be incredibly abundant in Asia, namely rice.
This innovative breakthroughs pioneered by Yang He, a scientist from the Chinese University. Of the grains of rice, Yang He managed to synthesize components in the blood called Human Serum Albumin (HSA) are required for first aid along at the emergency room.
In addition to the donor, Yang He said that the HSA is actually a great deal of proteins can also be required by the drug industry in several countries. Blood components is beneficial in the development of drugs and vaccines from the laboratory.
However, resulting from recent blood donors increasingly scarce, Yang He and his colleagues developed an artificial HSA from rice. From 1 kg of rice, he managed to synthesize approximately 2.75 grams of HSA the precise chemical organization of native proteins from human being blood.
"The surplus, as it does not come from the original blood of this HSA of rice is freed from infectious disease risk," said Dr. Richard J Benjamin with the American National Red Cross when commenting on these findings, as quoted by FoxNews, Tuesday (01/11/2011).
The effectiveness of synthetic blood from this rice to switch the native protein through the blood continues to be demonstrated during a Yang He experiments with rats. Nevertheless, these findings still have to wait a few more years that they are applied to humans.
Yet Dr. Benjamin said, the findings will not completely overcome the scarcity of donor blood because only bsia replace only one component of blood which may be HSA. In practice, the required blood components such as platelets are very diverse
Senin, 31 Oktober 2011
Ectopic Pregnancy, Pregnant at External Content
Being pregnant begins using a fertilized egg cell. Frequently the fertilized egg attaches to the liner of the uterus. However, in cases of ectopic pregnancy or even a pregnancy that can be interpreted as outside the womb, the egg is fertilized in other places.
Ectopic pregnancy almost always occurs in one of the tubes that carry eggs through the ovaries on the uterus (fallopian tubes). This sort of ectopic pregnancy is usually often known as tubal pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is rare in the ovary, abdomen, or neck for this womb (cervix).
Ectopic pregnancy can not continue like a standard pregnancy. The fertilized egg are unable to survive, which enable it to harm the developing fetus will be the mother belonging to the fetus.
If not treated immediately life threatening, as it could potentially cause damage to blood. Early treatment of ectopic pregnancy may also help to preserve normal pregnant with opportunity inside the future.
Cause
Ectopic pregnancy occurs every time a fertilized egg is stuck on the way in which on the uterus. This is usually caused because the fallopian tubes are never injured, damaged, or defective. Every now and then, the specific cause of ectopic pregnancy still are unable to be determined with certainty.
Symptom
In several cases, a lady with an ectopic pregnancy do not feel pregnant. If you can find signs and symptoms early, may resemble pregnancy, among others:
1. Missed a period
2. Breast pain
3. Nausea
4. Fatigue
If you will discover signs and symptoms and perform a pregnancy test, you'll get positive results. But ectopic pregnancy cannot continue like normal pregnancy. Signs that a primary warning of an ectopic pregnancy, among others:
1. Vaginal bleeding
2. Lower abdominal pain
3. Cramps on one side from the pelvis
If the fallopian tubes rupture, symptoms which will occur include:
1. Pain is sharp, stabbing inside pelvis, abdomen, and even the shoulder and neck
2. Dizziness
Treatment
A fertilized egg are unable to develop normally outside the uterus. To avoid life-threatening complications, ectopic tissue have to be removed.
Sometimes if an ectopic pregnancy is detected early, an injection on the drug methotrexate should be considered to prevent cell growth and dissolve existing cells.
After injection, the doctor will monitor the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). That the HCG levels remain high, may need an injection of methotrexate other types.
If ectopic pregnancy does not answer drugs on account of its size is too large, then it are unable to use methotrexate again. And may even require laparoscopic surgery. In this procedure, the doctor makes a tiny incision from the abdomen, usually near the navel.
Then the doctor will use a thin tube equipped with a camera lens and light (laparoscope) to view the area. Other instruments are usually inserted into the tube or through other small incisions to remove the ectopic tissue and repair the fallopian tubes. If the fallopian tube is significantly damaged, it may have to be removed.
If ectopic pregnancy cause heavy bleeding or the fallopian tube has ruptured, the patient may require emergency surgery through an abdominal incision (laparotomy). In some cases, the fallopian tubes might be repaired. In some cases, an injection of methotrexate can be required after surgery.
Sources: MayoClinic
Ectopic pregnancy almost always occurs in one of the tubes that carry eggs through the ovaries on the uterus (fallopian tubes). This sort of ectopic pregnancy is usually often known as tubal pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is rare in the ovary, abdomen, or neck for this womb (cervix).
Ectopic pregnancy can not continue like a standard pregnancy. The fertilized egg are unable to survive, which enable it to harm the developing fetus will be the mother belonging to the fetus.
If not treated immediately life threatening, as it could potentially cause damage to blood. Early treatment of ectopic pregnancy may also help to preserve normal pregnant with opportunity inside the future.
Cause
Ectopic pregnancy occurs every time a fertilized egg is stuck on the way in which on the uterus. This is usually caused because the fallopian tubes are never injured, damaged, or defective. Every now and then, the specific cause of ectopic pregnancy still are unable to be determined with certainty.
Symptom
In several cases, a lady with an ectopic pregnancy do not feel pregnant. If you can find signs and symptoms early, may resemble pregnancy, among others:
1. Missed a period
2. Breast pain
3. Nausea
4. Fatigue
If you will discover signs and symptoms and perform a pregnancy test, you'll get positive results. But ectopic pregnancy cannot continue like normal pregnancy. Signs that a primary warning of an ectopic pregnancy, among others:
1. Vaginal bleeding
2. Lower abdominal pain
3. Cramps on one side from the pelvis
If the fallopian tubes rupture, symptoms which will occur include:
1. Pain is sharp, stabbing inside pelvis, abdomen, and even the shoulder and neck
2. Dizziness
Treatment
A fertilized egg are unable to develop normally outside the uterus. To avoid life-threatening complications, ectopic tissue have to be removed.
Sometimes if an ectopic pregnancy is detected early, an injection on the drug methotrexate should be considered to prevent cell growth and dissolve existing cells.
After injection, the doctor will monitor the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). That the HCG levels remain high, may need an injection of methotrexate other types.
If ectopic pregnancy does not answer drugs on account of its size is too large, then it are unable to use methotrexate again. And may even require laparoscopic surgery. In this procedure, the doctor makes a tiny incision from the abdomen, usually near the navel.
Then the doctor will use a thin tube equipped with a camera lens and light (laparoscope) to view the area. Other instruments are usually inserted into the tube or through other small incisions to remove the ectopic tissue and repair the fallopian tubes. If the fallopian tube is significantly damaged, it may have to be removed.
If ectopic pregnancy cause heavy bleeding or the fallopian tube has ruptured, the patient may require emergency surgery through an abdominal incision (laparotomy). In some cases, the fallopian tubes might be repaired. In some cases, an injection of methotrexate can be required after surgery.
Sources: MayoClinic
16 Signs that Shows People Infected with HIV
Virus HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) has yet to become treated, the sufferer is given only drugs amplifier body. People who are susceptible to contracting HIV is that if frequent unprotected sex with multiple partner or using illegal drugs by injection.
"In the early stages of HIV infection, the most common symptoms weren't there," said Michael Horberg, MD, director of HIV / AIDS at Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California as quoted from your Health, Monday (31/10/2011).
Because you can find no early symptoms, people sometimes do not know the risk that her body had entered the HIV virus. In 1 or 2 months on the HIV virus enters the body. By 40 to 90 percent of people experience flu-like symptoms are usually known as acute retroviral syndrome (ARS). But sometimes the symptoms of HIV don't appear for several years and in many cases decades after infection.
Listed here are some signs that maybe someone tested positive for HIV, among others:
1. Fever
On the list of first signs of ARS is a gentle fever, as much as about 39 degrees C (102 degrees F). Fever is often among other mild symptoms, like fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat.
"At this time the virus moves into the bloodstream and start to duplicate in large numbers. So you will have an inflammatory reaction from the immune system," said Carlos Malvestutto, MD, infectious disease and immunology instructor on the department of drugs at NYU School of Medicine, New York.
2. Fatigue
Inflammatory response produced by the immune system may also cause fatigue and lethargy. Fatigue could be a sign of early and advanced signs of HIV.
3. Stiff, sore muscles and joints, swollen lymph nodes
ARS symptoms often resemble the flu, mononucleosis, viral or other infections, even syphilis or hepatitis. It will be indeed not surprising. Many symptoms are similar and also equal, including pain during the joints and muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are part of the immune system and are more likely to be inflamed when there may be infection. Lymph nodes in neck armpit groin, and others.
4. Sore throat and headache
"As with other disease symptoms, sore throat, and headache can often be an ARS," said Dr.. Horberg. If you have a high risk for HIV, the HIV test is a good idea. Because HIV is most infectious in the early stages.
5. Skin rash
Skin rash may occur early or late within the progression of HIV / AIDS.
6. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
About 30 to 60 percent of people with HIV have a quick-term symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea in the early stages of HIV, said Dr.. Malvestutto. These symptoms could also arise as a result of antiretroviral therapy, usually because of opportunistic infections.
"Diarrhea is unrelenting and will not respond to drugs could possibly be an indication. Or the symptoms could possibly be caused by organisms not normally seen in individuals with good immune system," said Dr.. Horberg.
7. Weightloss
"If people with HIV have lost weight, it ensures that the immune system generally are declining," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
8. Hacking cough
Dry cough could possibly be a first sign of any person exposed to HIV infection. The cough may last for 1 year and continues to get worse.
9. Pneumonia
Cough and weight loss may be a sign of serious infections brought on by bacteria that will not interfere that the immune system work properly. "You'll find a number of opportunistic infections and each can give you a different time," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
Pneumonia is one of the opportunistic infections, while others, including toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection that affects the brain, cytomegalovirus, and fungal infections during the oral cavity.
10. Night sweats
About half of individuals infected with HIV are going to be sweating at midnight on the early stages of HIV infection, said Dr.. Malvestutto. Night sweats occur even when not doing any physical activity.
11. Changes in nails
Another sign of HIV infection is the ultimate nail changes, for example splitting, thickening and nail the curving, or change in color (black or brown in the form of vertical and horizontal lines). Often it really is attributable to fungal infections, like candida.
"Patients using a lowered immune system might be more prone to fungal infections," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
12. Fungus Infection
Fungal infections are common in advanced stages is thrush, oral infections the result of Candida, which is a kind of fungus. "Candida can be a fungus that is very common and one which causes yeast infections in women.
"Candida tends to appear inside the mouth or throat, so it will be difficult to swallow," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
13. Confusion or difficulty concentrating
Cognitive problems can be an indication of HIV-associated dementia, which usually occurs late in the middle of the disease. In combination with confusion and difficulty concentrating, AIDS-related dementia may also involve memory problems and behavioral problems like anger or irritability.
It could even include changes for example motor, be careless, deficiency of coordination, and problems with tasks requiring fine motor skills like writing by hand.
14. Oral herpes and genital herpes
Cold sores (oral herpes) and genital herpes (genital herpes) could be a sign of ARS plus the stage of HIV infection. Herpes will also be a risk factor for contracting HIV.
Because genital herpes could cause ulcers which facilitate HIV virus enters your body during sexual intercourse. People who find themselves infected with HIV also tend to get higher risk of herpes because HIV weakens the immune system.
15. Numbness and weakness
Late HIV could also cause numbness and tingling in hands and feet. This is known as peripheral neuropathy, which also occur in people with uncontrolled diabetes. "It shows damage for the nerves," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
These symptoms could be treated with drugs that are sold painkillers and anticonvulsants for instance gabapentin free.
16. Menstrual irregularities
Advanced HIV disease seems to improve the danger of menstrual irregularities, including periods of fewer and fewer frequent. Such changes could have more to try and do with fat loss and poor health of girls with late stage HIV infection.
HIV infection has also been affiliated with earlier ages of menopause, which can be about 47-48 years for HIV-infected women compared with uninfected women around the ages of 49-51 years.
"In the early stages of HIV infection, the most common symptoms weren't there," said Michael Horberg, MD, director of HIV / AIDS at Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California as quoted from your Health, Monday (31/10/2011).
Because you can find no early symptoms, people sometimes do not know the risk that her body had entered the HIV virus. In 1 or 2 months on the HIV virus enters the body. By 40 to 90 percent of people experience flu-like symptoms are usually known as acute retroviral syndrome (ARS). But sometimes the symptoms of HIV don't appear for several years and in many cases decades after infection.
Listed here are some signs that maybe someone tested positive for HIV, among others:
1. Fever
On the list of first signs of ARS is a gentle fever, as much as about 39 degrees C (102 degrees F). Fever is often among other mild symptoms, like fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat.
"At this time the virus moves into the bloodstream and start to duplicate in large numbers. So you will have an inflammatory reaction from the immune system," said Carlos Malvestutto, MD, infectious disease and immunology instructor on the department of drugs at NYU School of Medicine, New York.
2. Fatigue
Inflammatory response produced by the immune system may also cause fatigue and lethargy. Fatigue could be a sign of early and advanced signs of HIV.
3. Stiff, sore muscles and joints, swollen lymph nodes
ARS symptoms often resemble the flu, mononucleosis, viral or other infections, even syphilis or hepatitis. It will be indeed not surprising. Many symptoms are similar and also equal, including pain during the joints and muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are part of the immune system and are more likely to be inflamed when there may be infection. Lymph nodes in neck armpit groin, and others.
4. Sore throat and headache
"As with other disease symptoms, sore throat, and headache can often be an ARS," said Dr.. Horberg. If you have a high risk for HIV, the HIV test is a good idea. Because HIV is most infectious in the early stages.
5. Skin rash
Skin rash may occur early or late within the progression of HIV / AIDS.
6. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
About 30 to 60 percent of people with HIV have a quick-term symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea in the early stages of HIV, said Dr.. Malvestutto. These symptoms could also arise as a result of antiretroviral therapy, usually because of opportunistic infections.
"Diarrhea is unrelenting and will not respond to drugs could possibly be an indication. Or the symptoms could possibly be caused by organisms not normally seen in individuals with good immune system," said Dr.. Horberg.
7. Weightloss
"If people with HIV have lost weight, it ensures that the immune system generally are declining," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
8. Hacking cough
Dry cough could possibly be a first sign of any person exposed to HIV infection. The cough may last for 1 year and continues to get worse.
9. Pneumonia
Cough and weight loss may be a sign of serious infections brought on by bacteria that will not interfere that the immune system work properly. "You'll find a number of opportunistic infections and each can give you a different time," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
Pneumonia is one of the opportunistic infections, while others, including toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection that affects the brain, cytomegalovirus, and fungal infections during the oral cavity.
10. Night sweats
About half of individuals infected with HIV are going to be sweating at midnight on the early stages of HIV infection, said Dr.. Malvestutto. Night sweats occur even when not doing any physical activity.
11. Changes in nails
Another sign of HIV infection is the ultimate nail changes, for example splitting, thickening and nail the curving, or change in color (black or brown in the form of vertical and horizontal lines). Often it really is attributable to fungal infections, like candida.
"Patients using a lowered immune system might be more prone to fungal infections," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
12. Fungus Infection
Fungal infections are common in advanced stages is thrush, oral infections the result of Candida, which is a kind of fungus. "Candida can be a fungus that is very common and one which causes yeast infections in women.
"Candida tends to appear inside the mouth or throat, so it will be difficult to swallow," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
13. Confusion or difficulty concentrating
Cognitive problems can be an indication of HIV-associated dementia, which usually occurs late in the middle of the disease. In combination with confusion and difficulty concentrating, AIDS-related dementia may also involve memory problems and behavioral problems like anger or irritability.
It could even include changes for example motor, be careless, deficiency of coordination, and problems with tasks requiring fine motor skills like writing by hand.
14. Oral herpes and genital herpes
Cold sores (oral herpes) and genital herpes (genital herpes) could be a sign of ARS plus the stage of HIV infection. Herpes will also be a risk factor for contracting HIV.
Because genital herpes could cause ulcers which facilitate HIV virus enters your body during sexual intercourse. People who find themselves infected with HIV also tend to get higher risk of herpes because HIV weakens the immune system.
15. Numbness and weakness
Late HIV could also cause numbness and tingling in hands and feet. This is known as peripheral neuropathy, which also occur in people with uncontrolled diabetes. "It shows damage for the nerves," said Dr.. Malvestutto.
These symptoms could be treated with drugs that are sold painkillers and anticonvulsants for instance gabapentin free.
16. Menstrual irregularities
Advanced HIV disease seems to improve the danger of menstrual irregularities, including periods of fewer and fewer frequent. Such changes could have more to try and do with fat loss and poor health of girls with late stage HIV infection.
HIV infection has also been affiliated with earlier ages of menopause, which can be about 47-48 years for HIV-infected women compared with uninfected women around the ages of 49-51 years.
Sleeping with the Lights Night Lights Disturb Biological Clock
People who like staying up late in the dead of night with lights still burning can cause havoc to the body's biological clock.
Australian scientists have found that sleeping late after an evening tersinari lights may cause the body's biological clock or circadian rhythms of the body become chaotic, which makes it difficult to compensate for job activities that dmulai from 09:00 until 17:00.
"People love staying up often think it hard to sleep without feeling refreshed the next day. The effect is the same as jet lag," says Professor Helen Burgess of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago as quoted from NineMSN, Sunday (10/30/2011).
Prof. Burgess conducted a study on 10 people. The participants were initially asked to research sleep at 22:00 and awakened at 7:00 for any week. Once awake, they were asked to spend outside your house for 10 minutes to receive sunlight.
Participants were then asked to boost his sleep until around 01:00 and awaken at 7:00 for a week so feel tired on the day. The next study attempts to eliminate the consequences of sleep deprivation by allowing the participants to sleep during the day to alleviate lemasnya.
But just identical findings. When participants were exposed to light when waking up late at the hours of darkness, they tend to get trouble sleeping and feel less fit the next day.
"Shifting the body's biological clock becomes more soluble means do not blink regarding circadian clock configured to best be obtained. Waking up at midnight with all lights will send a sign and also on the day to your biological clock," he said.
He added that if someone then turn off the lights whenever you sleep, it is going to cause the body to be more relaxed and circadian rhythms accommodates the back.
Prof Burgess said confirms that contact with light at the hours of darkness is equally important role in regulating the body clock the result of contact with sunlight with the morning. Scientists believe of the fact that morning light helps reset the brain each day and organize work to maintain hormonal body functions, including eating and sleeping.
He then explained that the secret to keeping your body clock stay organized and avoid the sensation of wanting to fit in the morning is always to close up or dim the lights at night and set the sleep time.
"And if it had to work late on weekends, the morning light is particular for your body," he concluded.
Australian scientists have found that sleeping late after an evening tersinari lights may cause the body's biological clock or circadian rhythms of the body become chaotic, which makes it difficult to compensate for job activities that dmulai from 09:00 until 17:00.
"People love staying up often think it hard to sleep without feeling refreshed the next day. The effect is the same as jet lag," says Professor Helen Burgess of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago as quoted from NineMSN, Sunday (10/30/2011).
Prof. Burgess conducted a study on 10 people. The participants were initially asked to research sleep at 22:00 and awakened at 7:00 for any week. Once awake, they were asked to spend outside your house for 10 minutes to receive sunlight.
Participants were then asked to boost his sleep until around 01:00 and awaken at 7:00 for a week so feel tired on the day. The next study attempts to eliminate the consequences of sleep deprivation by allowing the participants to sleep during the day to alleviate lemasnya.
But just identical findings. When participants were exposed to light when waking up late at the hours of darkness, they tend to get trouble sleeping and feel less fit the next day.
"Shifting the body's biological clock becomes more soluble means do not blink regarding circadian clock configured to best be obtained. Waking up at midnight with all lights will send a sign and also on the day to your biological clock," he said.
He added that if someone then turn off the lights whenever you sleep, it is going to cause the body to be more relaxed and circadian rhythms accommodates the back.
Prof Burgess said confirms that contact with light at the hours of darkness is equally important role in regulating the body clock the result of contact with sunlight with the morning. Scientists believe of the fact that morning light helps reset the brain each day and organize work to maintain hormonal body functions, including eating and sleeping.
He then explained that the secret to keeping your body clock stay organized and avoid the sensation of wanting to fit in the morning is always to close up or dim the lights at night and set the sleep time.
"And if it had to work late on weekends, the morning light is particular for your body," he concluded.
Minggu, 30 Oktober 2011
Children Difficult to Distinguish Drug Candy
In each pack of medicine there is actually a warning to hold her from the reach of children. This warning is essential that they are ignored, because as per research one of 4 children of kindergarten age can not distinguish the candy when using the drug.
This figure is the results of research of a young person from Ohio, United States, Casey Gittelman (12 years). Although administrated by a youngster, but such research can be presented while in the forum for the American Academy of Pediatrics in Boston recently.
For the reason that study, Gittelman mixing 20 varieties of candy and medicines during a box. He then asked 30 students kindergarten to separate between candy and medicine, then for the comparison he also asked for 30 people of kindergarten teachers to do the same.
"I'm not too surprised when the children can't distinguish between drugs with candy, but if ever the teacher can also not be that surprising. I'm sure adults can be distinguished since it has more experience with these drugs," says Gittelman.
Gittelman observations did show, one of four kindergarten students have difficulty distinguishing candy with drugs. But more surprising, kindergarten teachers participating while in the study are not one hundred pc correct in separating them.
Dependent on Gittelman, a drug that is often mistaken for candy commonly round, shiny because they got a special coating and is not marked or stamped to point that it's a drug. Gittelman suggest, drug companies should avoid the design similarities with the candy.
Meanwhile, in keeping with data from the American Association of Poison Control Centers inside United States, cases of drug poisoning in children tends to increase. Between 2001 to 2008 alone, perform properly cases of child drug poisoning and was rushed to your hospital increased 30 percent.
Most of those children should ingest drugs to a different person. Perhaps because the colors enough to draw in attention and moreover there are a few sugar-coated, the kids expect it and ate candy and consequently be poisoned.
According to data published in your journal Pediatrics, the species of drug that often causes the child poisonings are drugs are nearly always available at home. Among these sleeping pills, a category of opioid analgesics, cardiovascular drugs, diabetes drugs, cold medicines, aspirin and acetaminophen.
This figure is the results of research of a young person from Ohio, United States, Casey Gittelman (12 years). Although administrated by a youngster, but such research can be presented while in the forum for the American Academy of Pediatrics in Boston recently.
For the reason that study, Gittelman mixing 20 varieties of candy and medicines during a box. He then asked 30 students kindergarten to separate between candy and medicine, then for the comparison he also asked for 30 people of kindergarten teachers to do the same.
"I'm not too surprised when the children can't distinguish between drugs with candy, but if ever the teacher can also not be that surprising. I'm sure adults can be distinguished since it has more experience with these drugs," says Gittelman.
Gittelman observations did show, one of four kindergarten students have difficulty distinguishing candy with drugs. But more surprising, kindergarten teachers participating while in the study are not one hundred pc correct in separating them.
Dependent on Gittelman, a drug that is often mistaken for candy commonly round, shiny because they got a special coating and is not marked or stamped to point that it's a drug. Gittelman suggest, drug companies should avoid the design similarities with the candy.
Meanwhile, in keeping with data from the American Association of Poison Control Centers inside United States, cases of drug poisoning in children tends to increase. Between 2001 to 2008 alone, perform properly cases of child drug poisoning and was rushed to your hospital increased 30 percent.
Most of those children should ingest drugs to a different person. Perhaps because the colors enough to draw in attention and moreover there are a few sugar-coated, the kids expect it and ate candy and consequently be poisoned.
According to data published in your journal Pediatrics, the species of drug that often causes the child poisonings are drugs are nearly always available at home. Among these sleeping pills, a category of opioid analgesics, cardiovascular drugs, diabetes drugs, cold medicines, aspirin and acetaminophen.
Danazol, Synthetic Steroids to Overcome Pain Endometriosis
Danazol is an artificial steroid derived as of ethisterone. Danazol could possibly be used for a number of various medical problems just like pain thanks to endometriosis, a disease that results in the event of breast cysts, hereditary angioedema.
Danazol double for other conditions as determined by your doctor. These drugs are only available by prescription. The drug is obtainable in capsule dosage forms. Chemical formula, danazol is 17α-Pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno [2,3-d]-isoxazol-17-ol.
indication
1. endometriosis
2. Breast fibrocystic disease
3. Hereditary angioedema
contraindications
Danazol shouldn't be administered to patients with:
1. Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding
2. Liver disorders, kidney function, or heart
3. expectant mother
4. breastfeeding mothers
5. porphyria
dose
For capsule dosage forms:
1. Adults and adolescents
a. treatment of endometriosis
100-400 mg 2 times daily for at the least 3-6 months, and possibly as long as 9 months.
b. Treatment of Breast Disease fibrocystic
50-200 mg 2 times daily for 6 months or until signs of disease disappear.
c. Prevention of attacks of hereditary angioedema
200 mg 2 or 3 times a day.
The dose usually are lowered, contingent on the patient's condition.
2. Children
Dose must be determined by your doctor.
side effects
Side effects that will occur from use of those drugs, among others:
1. pimple
2. Dark urine
3. Increasing the quantity of oil over the hair or skin
4. Muscle cramps or spasms
5. Swelling of feet or lower legs
6. Fatigue or weakness
7. Rapid weight gain
packaging
1. Capsules 50 mg
2. Capsules 100 mg
3. Capsules 200 mg
Sources: MayoClinic
Danazol double for other conditions as determined by your doctor. These drugs are only available by prescription. The drug is obtainable in capsule dosage forms. Chemical formula, danazol is 17α-Pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno [2,3-d]-isoxazol-17-ol.
indication
1. endometriosis
2. Breast fibrocystic disease
3. Hereditary angioedema
contraindications
Danazol shouldn't be administered to patients with:
1. Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding
2. Liver disorders, kidney function, or heart
3. expectant mother
4. breastfeeding mothers
5. porphyria
dose
For capsule dosage forms:
1. Adults and adolescents
a. treatment of endometriosis
100-400 mg 2 times daily for at the least 3-6 months, and possibly as long as 9 months.
b. Treatment of Breast Disease fibrocystic
50-200 mg 2 times daily for 6 months or until signs of disease disappear.
c. Prevention of attacks of hereditary angioedema
200 mg 2 or 3 times a day.
The dose usually are lowered, contingent on the patient's condition.
2. Children
Dose must be determined by your doctor.
side effects
Side effects that will occur from use of those drugs, among others:
1. pimple
2. Dark urine
3. Increasing the quantity of oil over the hair or skin
4. Muscle cramps or spasms
5. Swelling of feet or lower legs
6. Fatigue or weakness
7. Rapid weight gain
packaging
1. Capsules 50 mg
2. Capsules 100 mg
3. Capsules 200 mg
Sources: MayoClinic
Sabtu, 29 Oktober 2011
Intrakanial hematoma, Rupture of Blood Vessels In Brain
Intrakanial hematoma was rupture of blood vessels in the brain or between the skull and brain. Can take the accumulated blood (hematoma), the brain tissue.
Intracranial hematomas can occur because the liquid is absorbed, which is the brain capable of the power of a blow or sudden impact surrounds. In the case of collisions is too strong, the brain may use force against the inner wall of the skull is moved so that it is discolored.
Intracranial hematoma is a serious condition can be life threatening and usually requires an appropriate treatment as quickly as possible, though the head injury to see light.
In general, surgery is needed to intracranial hematoma, which wants to take a blood accumulation in the brain tissue to treat. However, do not operate to intracranial hematoma with a small size.
Cause
Head injury is the main reason for the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding), which is usually caused by a car or motorcycle accidents or events that are trivial, seem like terbenturnya head.
There is a greater likelihood of lead can be mild head trauma, the hematoma, if one of the elderly, especially those taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin.
Severe injury can occur even if no signs of cuts or bruises that look. In the case of head injury may hematoma, the possibility of a subdural, epidural, or intraparenchymal hematoma.
Symptom
Signs and symptoms of an intracranial hematoma can occur either immediately or up to several weeks or longer occur after a clash of heads. The pressure on the brain can be increased from time to time, and generate some or all of the following symptoms:
1. Vomit
2. Changes in pupil size3. Increased headaches4. Elevated blood pressure5. Progressive drowsiness and unconsciousness6. Dizziness7. Confusion8. Weakness in the limbs on one side of the body
The following symptoms may also in cases of more fresh blood accumulates in the brain occur:First CrampsSecond PowerlessnessThird Lethargy
Treatment
Some subdural hematomas do not need to be taken, since it is quite small and does not cause the appearance of signs or symptoms. Diuretics can also help control brain swelling (edema) after head injury.
Operation
The treatment of hematoma often requires surgery. The type of surgery can be, depending on the characteristics of the hematoma. Surgical options may include:
First CraniotomyIn the case of a large hematoma may be opening the skull (craniotomy) to remove blood.
Second Surgical drainageWhen the localized bleeding and not enough done, your doctor will probably sucked a hole through the skull and then the liquid.
Recovery
Anticonvulsants such as phenytoin (Dilantin) may be prescribed after surgery to manage or avoid the occurrence of post-traumatic seizures. These drugs will continue to be consumed during the year after the trauma.
Anxiety, attention difficulties, insomnia, headaches and memory loss occur, and again for some time. Recovery period can be prolonged and may be recovered in total.
Recovery is most likely in adults after an injury that occur within the first 6 months. Children often recover faster and better than adults.
Sources: Epharmapedia
Intracranial hematomas can occur because the liquid is absorbed, which is the brain capable of the power of a blow or sudden impact surrounds. In the case of collisions is too strong, the brain may use force against the inner wall of the skull is moved so that it is discolored.
Intracranial hematoma is a serious condition can be life threatening and usually requires an appropriate treatment as quickly as possible, though the head injury to see light.
In general, surgery is needed to intracranial hematoma, which wants to take a blood accumulation in the brain tissue to treat. However, do not operate to intracranial hematoma with a small size.
Cause
Head injury is the main reason for the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding), which is usually caused by a car or motorcycle accidents or events that are trivial, seem like terbenturnya head.
There is a greater likelihood of lead can be mild head trauma, the hematoma, if one of the elderly, especially those taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin.
Severe injury can occur even if no signs of cuts or bruises that look. In the case of head injury may hematoma, the possibility of a subdural, epidural, or intraparenchymal hematoma.
Symptom
Signs and symptoms of an intracranial hematoma can occur either immediately or up to several weeks or longer occur after a clash of heads. The pressure on the brain can be increased from time to time, and generate some or all of the following symptoms:
1. Vomit
2. Changes in pupil size3. Increased headaches4. Elevated blood pressure5. Progressive drowsiness and unconsciousness6. Dizziness7. Confusion8. Weakness in the limbs on one side of the body
The following symptoms may also in cases of more fresh blood accumulates in the brain occur:First CrampsSecond PowerlessnessThird Lethargy
Treatment
Some subdural hematomas do not need to be taken, since it is quite small and does not cause the appearance of signs or symptoms. Diuretics can also help control brain swelling (edema) after head injury.
Operation
The treatment of hematoma often requires surgery. The type of surgery can be, depending on the characteristics of the hematoma. Surgical options may include:
First CraniotomyIn the case of a large hematoma may be opening the skull (craniotomy) to remove blood.
Second Surgical drainageWhen the localized bleeding and not enough done, your doctor will probably sucked a hole through the skull and then the liquid.
Recovery
Anticonvulsants such as phenytoin (Dilantin) may be prescribed after surgery to manage or avoid the occurrence of post-traumatic seizures. These drugs will continue to be consumed during the year after the trauma.
Anxiety, attention difficulties, insomnia, headaches and memory loss occur, and again for some time. Recovery period can be prolonged and may be recovered in total.
Recovery is most likely in adults after an injury that occur within the first 6 months. Children often recover faster and better than adults.
Sources: Epharmapedia
Phenytoin, anticonvulsants Overcome Epilepsy Drugs
Phenytoin is used to control seizures (convulsions) are frequently used in the treatment of epilepsy. The drug is also used to prevent and treat seizures that occur during brain surgery.
This is an anticonvulsant drug that works in the brain tissue to stop the seizures. These drugs are available only by prescription.
packaging
The drug is in the following dosage forms:
First suspension
Second Chewable
Third Capsule, Extended Release
4th capsule
display
To control seizures, such as the condition of epilepsy or seizures that occur during brain surgery procedures.
Contraindications
The drug is contraindicated in pregnant women
dose
First epilepsy
Initial: 3-4 mg / kg / day as single dose or in divided doses.
Maintenance: 200-500 mg / day.
Second status epilepticus
In addition to benzodiazepines: 10-15 mg / kg.
Maintenance: 100 mg 6-8 hours.
Side effects
Together with the desired effect, the drug may cause some unwanted effects. If any of the side effects occurred, would probably require medical treatment.
Consult a doctor immediately if any of the following side effects:
First reduced coordination
Second Disturbance of mental conditions, such as confusion
Third nervous
4th slurred speech
5th Problems with breathing, speaking or swallowing
6th Trembling, or other problems with muscle control or coordination
Sources: MayoClinic
This is an anticonvulsant drug that works in the brain tissue to stop the seizures. These drugs are available only by prescription.
packaging
The drug is in the following dosage forms:
First suspension
Second Chewable
Third Capsule, Extended Release
4th capsule
display
To control seizures, such as the condition of epilepsy or seizures that occur during brain surgery procedures.
Contraindications
The drug is contraindicated in pregnant women
dose
First epilepsy
Initial: 3-4 mg / kg / day as single dose or in divided doses.
Maintenance: 200-500 mg / day.
Second status epilepticus
In addition to benzodiazepines: 10-15 mg / kg.
Maintenance: 100 mg 6-8 hours.
Side effects
Together with the desired effect, the drug may cause some unwanted effects. If any of the side effects occurred, would probably require medical treatment.
Consult a doctor immediately if any of the following side effects:
First reduced coordination
Second Disturbance of mental conditions, such as confusion
Third nervous
4th slurred speech
5th Problems with breathing, speaking or swallowing
6th Trembling, or other problems with muscle control or coordination
Sources: MayoClinic
Jumat, 28 Oktober 2011
Is There Blood Rhesus effect If Husband and Wife Same?
Doc, my wife and I have blood type O. But we do not know what our Rh. My question is if we are Rh positive or both negative both will be difficult to get the offspring? And if it gets the descendants of our descendants will be vulnerable to dangerous diseases? Thank you.
Answer
Rhesus blood classification system different from the classification of the ABO blood system. Rhesus system has its own clinical implications. In principle, one can have a Rhesus positive (Rh +) or Rhesus negative (Rh-) on the surface of red blood cells.
A person with Rh + naturally will form anti-Rh antibodies in her blood. While a person with Rh-will not form anti-Rh antibodies, unless there is an appropriate trigger.
During pregnancy a small amount of blood the baby can enter the mother's blood circulation system. Similarly, at the time of delivery, maternal blood circulation system may be exposed to the blood of babies through childbirth injuries.
From the above, a potentially dangerous situation is when a mother pregnant with a fetus with Rh-Rh +. In this situation women will form anti-Rh antibodies triggered by the entry of Rh + blood from the baby into the maternal circulation. These anti-Rh antibodies of the mother is able to penetrate the blood circulation and destroy the baby's baby's blood cells.
This situation can occur with mild symptoms that are only marked by mild anemia in infants that can lead to severe infant mortality. Hazard effects of anti-Rh antibody formation may occur in the first pregnancy where the baby Rh +, and the second pregnancy (with an antibody that is formed from the first pregnancy).
Therefore, preventive measures need to be performed on pregnant women who have Rh-. Prevention can be done by injecting anti-Rh antibodies into the blood circulation system of the mother during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth.
This is done with the intent to destroy the cells of infants with Rh + blood is circulating in the maternal circulation before the maternal immune system can recognize and form anti-Rh antibodies in quantities large enough to cause problems for the fetus.
Rhesus status of a person (including the fetus) is determined by a combination of Rhesus status of his parents, where the dominant Rh + Rh-. So if the expectant mother has Rh-and her husband Rh +, not necessarily the baby will have Rh +, because there is still a possibility the father has Rh-which is not dominant (not show), but revealed to his son and in combination with Rh-from mother to make her Rh-.
So, it's not his concern at the situation where both husband and wife have the same Rhesus status. If both husband and wife is Rh-, then the fetus is Rh-and certainly no fear of disease, as stated above.
If both husband and wife Rh +, then also no need to worry about anything because janinnnya Rhesus status, maternal immune system that already has Rh + will not be over-stimulated to form anti-Rh antibodies only because her fetus has Rh +.
Answer
Rhesus blood classification system different from the classification of the ABO blood system. Rhesus system has its own clinical implications. In principle, one can have a Rhesus positive (Rh +) or Rhesus negative (Rh-) on the surface of red blood cells.
A person with Rh + naturally will form anti-Rh antibodies in her blood. While a person with Rh-will not form anti-Rh antibodies, unless there is an appropriate trigger.
During pregnancy a small amount of blood the baby can enter the mother's blood circulation system. Similarly, at the time of delivery, maternal blood circulation system may be exposed to the blood of babies through childbirth injuries.
From the above, a potentially dangerous situation is when a mother pregnant with a fetus with Rh-Rh +. In this situation women will form anti-Rh antibodies triggered by the entry of Rh + blood from the baby into the maternal circulation. These anti-Rh antibodies of the mother is able to penetrate the blood circulation and destroy the baby's baby's blood cells.
This situation can occur with mild symptoms that are only marked by mild anemia in infants that can lead to severe infant mortality. Hazard effects of anti-Rh antibody formation may occur in the first pregnancy where the baby Rh +, and the second pregnancy (with an antibody that is formed from the first pregnancy).
Therefore, preventive measures need to be performed on pregnant women who have Rh-. Prevention can be done by injecting anti-Rh antibodies into the blood circulation system of the mother during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth.
This is done with the intent to destroy the cells of infants with Rh + blood is circulating in the maternal circulation before the maternal immune system can recognize and form anti-Rh antibodies in quantities large enough to cause problems for the fetus.
Rhesus status of a person (including the fetus) is determined by a combination of Rhesus status of his parents, where the dominant Rh + Rh-. So if the expectant mother has Rh-and her husband Rh +, not necessarily the baby will have Rh +, because there is still a possibility the father has Rh-which is not dominant (not show), but revealed to his son and in combination with Rh-from mother to make her Rh-.
So, it's not his concern at the situation where both husband and wife have the same Rhesus status. If both husband and wife is Rh-, then the fetus is Rh-and certainly no fear of disease, as stated above.
If both husband and wife Rh +, then also no need to worry about anything because janinnnya Rhesus status, maternal immune system that already has Rh + will not be over-stimulated to form anti-Rh antibodies only because her fetus has Rh +.
Tranexamic Acid, Drugs stop bleeding
Tranexamic acid is used to help stop the bleeding condition. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent. This drug works by blocking the breakdown of blood clots, which prevent bleeding. These drugs are only available by prescription.
The drug is available in the following dosage forms:
1. tablet
2. syrup
indication
1. To help stop the bleeding
2. Long-term management of hereditary angioedema
contraindications
1. Severe renal failure
2. Active intravascular clotting
3. thromboembolic disease
4. Impaired color vision
5. subarachnoid hemorrhage
dose
adult
1. For short-term management of bleeding
1 to 1.5 g 2-4 times / day
2. Long-term management of hereditary angioedema
1 to 1.5 g 2-3 times / day
side effects
Along with the required effect, the drug can cause some side effects. Although less likely to experience side effects on the use of this drug, but in the event of side effects may require medical treatment.
See a doctor immediately, if there is one of the following side effects:
1. pale skin
2. Problems in breathing
3. Bleeding or unusual bruising
4. Fatigue or weakness
The drug is available in the following dosage forms:
1. tablet
2. syrup
indication
1. To help stop the bleeding
2. Long-term management of hereditary angioedema
contraindications
1. Severe renal failure
2. Active intravascular clotting
3. thromboembolic disease
4. Impaired color vision
5. subarachnoid hemorrhage
dose
adult
1. For short-term management of bleeding
1 to 1.5 g 2-4 times / day
2. Long-term management of hereditary angioedema
1 to 1.5 g 2-3 times / day
side effects
Along with the required effect, the drug can cause some side effects. Although less likely to experience side effects on the use of this drug, but in the event of side effects may require medical treatment.
See a doctor immediately, if there is one of the following side effects:
1. pale skin
2. Problems in breathing
3. Bleeding or unusual bruising
4. Fatigue or weakness
Intestinal ischemia, Decreased Blood Supply to the Intestine Cells
Digestive system requires a permanent supply of oxygen-rich blood to function well as other organs. Intestinal ischemia is a condition of reduced blood flow to the small intestine or colon.
Intestinal ischemia can lead to pain and cause disruption to the intestines to function normally. Loss of blood flow to the intestine in severe cases can lead to intestinal tissue damage or death. Intestinal ischemia can be fatal as a heart attack.
However, intestinal ischemia can be treated effectively. The most important factor in order to effectively treat intestinal ischemia is to recognize early symptoms and get immediate medical help.
Cause
The aorta is the large arterial vessels that supply the body with oxygen-rich blood is pumped by the heart. Part of the aorta that extends below the diaphragm into the abdomen called the abdominal aorta.
Three arteries branching from the abdominal aorta, which supplies almost all the blood to the gastrointestinal tract. These arteries, among others:1. Superior mesenteric artery2. The inferior mesenteric artery3. Celiac artery
Intestinal ischemia can occur if blood flow through arteries or veins adjacent to be reduced, the change can be acute or chronic. Any or all of the arteries that supply the gastrointestinal tract can be affected by the accumulation of particles of cholesterol, calcium, scarring, and other cellular debris (atherosclerosis).
This happens just as with other arteries in the body that narrows and limits the amount of blood moving through the vessels. Progressive atherosclerotic buildup can decrease blood flow to the small intestine, large intestine, or both. Chronic intestinal ischemia is usually the result of a buildup of atherosclerosis.
Acute intestinal ischemia, mostly due to the formation of blood clots in the heart which then goes to one of the intestinal arteries. Blood clots can develop in the veins and away from the gut, thereby reducing the flow of deoxygenated blood.
Intestinal ischaemia sometimes occurs because a portion of the intestine becomes clogged due to hernia (strangulated hernia) or because of adhesions from previous abdominal surgery. In other cases it can occur because of low blood pressure or heart failure.
Whatever the cause, the main cause is reduced blood flow with sufficient oxygen in the digestive tract cells. In these circumstances, the cells can weaken and then die.
Inflammation can develop due to a growing number of damaged cells. This causes an inability to absorb food and nutrients, causing diarrhea accompanied by blood. Infection and tissue death can result in significant damage. Intestinal ischemia can be fatal if not treated promptly.
Symptom
Intestinal ischemia can occur and bring the symptoms with a sudden (acute intestinal ischemia), which is usually caused by blood clots that block blood flow to or from the intestine.
In addition to acute intestinal ischemia, ischemia may develop slowly over time due to various causes, commonly referred to as chronic intestinal ischemia.
a. Acute intestinal ischemiaSigns and symptoms of acute intestinal ischemia usually include:1. Frequent bowel movements2. Fever3. Dysentery4. Sudden abdominal pain that can range from mild to severe5. Abdominal pain or distention6. Nausea or vomiting
b. Chronic intestinal ischemiaChronic intestinal ischemia, where blood flow to the intestine decreases with time, usually characterized by:1. Afraid to eat because after that will feel the pain2. Stomach cramps or feel fullness, start within 30 minutes after eating and lasts 1-3 hours3. Nausea or vomiting4. Bloating5. Abdominal pain that gets worse over several weeks or months6. Diarrhea7. Losing weight is not desirable
Chronic intestinal ischemia can develop into an acute episode. People may suffer from severe abdominal pain that occurs over several weeks or months of lost and pain attacks occur after eating.
In the case of a sudden, get medical help immediately obtained. If the patient still felt the constant stomach pain due to delay of treatment, can make treatment more difficult.
Consulting a doctor is needed immediately if experiencing one or more of these signs or symptoms of the following:1. Chronic abdominal pain after eating, especially when someone is also trying to lose weight2. Dysentery
Treatment
Treatment of intestinal ischemia focus on restoring adequate blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract is involved. Treatment options vary depending on the reason behind the severity of the condition, such as among others:
1. Treatment for intestinal ischemia
a. AntibioticsAntibiotics are commonly used to treat or prevent infections that may occur. Any underlying medical condition should be treated as well, such as irregular heartbeat and congestive heart failure.
One is needed to stop the drug that constricts blood vessels, such as hormone drugs, certain heart medications, and migraine medications.
b. SurgerySurgery may be necessary to remove the tissue (infracted) died when some parts of the intestine has been damaged. Alternatively, surgery may be needed in order to bypass a blockage in one artery intestine.
This operation is similar to what is done when there is blockage of the coronary arteries of heart that is passed to direct blood flow around blockages. Your doctor may consider a full colonoscopy after symptoms become better because colon cancer is one of the reasons behind the occurrence of colon ischemia.
2. Treatment for acute mesenteric artery ischemia
Usually the operation is necessary to remove blood clots, clogged arteries through which, or to repair or remove part of intestine that has been damaged.
Additional treatment may include medications to prevent the formation of frozen blood, blood vessels dilate, or dissolve the clot.
In the case of angiography is performed to diagnose the problem, radiologists may be able to simultaneously remove blood clots, or open a narrowed artery with angioplasty.
A balloon used in angioplasty at the end of the catheter to compress the fatty deposits and stretch the artery, thus making a wider path for blood flow. A metallic coil (stent) can be positioned in extra to help keep the artery open.
3. Treatment for chronic mesenteric artery ischemiaTreatment aims to restore blood flow to the intestines. The surgeon can expand the narrowed arteries or bypass clogged arteries with angioplasty or stenting therapy.
4. Ischemia due to venous thrombosis mesesenterik
In the case of a person's intestine showed no signs of damage, probably will need to take anticoagulant medication for about 3-6 months. Anticoagulants help prevent the formation of frozen blood.
As part of the intestine showed signs of damage, patients will still need surgery to retrieve the broken part. After surgery, one may need to take anticoagulants for a short time.
Sources: Epharmapedia
Intestinal ischemia can lead to pain and cause disruption to the intestines to function normally. Loss of blood flow to the intestine in severe cases can lead to intestinal tissue damage or death. Intestinal ischemia can be fatal as a heart attack.
However, intestinal ischemia can be treated effectively. The most important factor in order to effectively treat intestinal ischemia is to recognize early symptoms and get immediate medical help.
Cause
The aorta is the large arterial vessels that supply the body with oxygen-rich blood is pumped by the heart. Part of the aorta that extends below the diaphragm into the abdomen called the abdominal aorta.
Three arteries branching from the abdominal aorta, which supplies almost all the blood to the gastrointestinal tract. These arteries, among others:1. Superior mesenteric artery2. The inferior mesenteric artery3. Celiac artery
Intestinal ischemia can occur if blood flow through arteries or veins adjacent to be reduced, the change can be acute or chronic. Any or all of the arteries that supply the gastrointestinal tract can be affected by the accumulation of particles of cholesterol, calcium, scarring, and other cellular debris (atherosclerosis).
This happens just as with other arteries in the body that narrows and limits the amount of blood moving through the vessels. Progressive atherosclerotic buildup can decrease blood flow to the small intestine, large intestine, or both. Chronic intestinal ischemia is usually the result of a buildup of atherosclerosis.
Acute intestinal ischemia, mostly due to the formation of blood clots in the heart which then goes to one of the intestinal arteries. Blood clots can develop in the veins and away from the gut, thereby reducing the flow of deoxygenated blood.
Intestinal ischaemia sometimes occurs because a portion of the intestine becomes clogged due to hernia (strangulated hernia) or because of adhesions from previous abdominal surgery. In other cases it can occur because of low blood pressure or heart failure.
Whatever the cause, the main cause is reduced blood flow with sufficient oxygen in the digestive tract cells. In these circumstances, the cells can weaken and then die.
Inflammation can develop due to a growing number of damaged cells. This causes an inability to absorb food and nutrients, causing diarrhea accompanied by blood. Infection and tissue death can result in significant damage. Intestinal ischemia can be fatal if not treated promptly.
Symptom
Intestinal ischemia can occur and bring the symptoms with a sudden (acute intestinal ischemia), which is usually caused by blood clots that block blood flow to or from the intestine.
In addition to acute intestinal ischemia, ischemia may develop slowly over time due to various causes, commonly referred to as chronic intestinal ischemia.
a. Acute intestinal ischemiaSigns and symptoms of acute intestinal ischemia usually include:1. Frequent bowel movements2. Fever3. Dysentery4. Sudden abdominal pain that can range from mild to severe5. Abdominal pain or distention6. Nausea or vomiting
b. Chronic intestinal ischemiaChronic intestinal ischemia, where blood flow to the intestine decreases with time, usually characterized by:1. Afraid to eat because after that will feel the pain2. Stomach cramps or feel fullness, start within 30 minutes after eating and lasts 1-3 hours3. Nausea or vomiting4. Bloating5. Abdominal pain that gets worse over several weeks or months6. Diarrhea7. Losing weight is not desirable
Chronic intestinal ischemia can develop into an acute episode. People may suffer from severe abdominal pain that occurs over several weeks or months of lost and pain attacks occur after eating.
In the case of a sudden, get medical help immediately obtained. If the patient still felt the constant stomach pain due to delay of treatment, can make treatment more difficult.
Consulting a doctor is needed immediately if experiencing one or more of these signs or symptoms of the following:1. Chronic abdominal pain after eating, especially when someone is also trying to lose weight2. Dysentery
Treatment
Treatment of intestinal ischemia focus on restoring adequate blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract is involved. Treatment options vary depending on the reason behind the severity of the condition, such as among others:
1. Treatment for intestinal ischemia
a. AntibioticsAntibiotics are commonly used to treat or prevent infections that may occur. Any underlying medical condition should be treated as well, such as irregular heartbeat and congestive heart failure.
One is needed to stop the drug that constricts blood vessels, such as hormone drugs, certain heart medications, and migraine medications.
b. SurgerySurgery may be necessary to remove the tissue (infracted) died when some parts of the intestine has been damaged. Alternatively, surgery may be needed in order to bypass a blockage in one artery intestine.
This operation is similar to what is done when there is blockage of the coronary arteries of heart that is passed to direct blood flow around blockages. Your doctor may consider a full colonoscopy after symptoms become better because colon cancer is one of the reasons behind the occurrence of colon ischemia.
2. Treatment for acute mesenteric artery ischemia
Usually the operation is necessary to remove blood clots, clogged arteries through which, or to repair or remove part of intestine that has been damaged.
Additional treatment may include medications to prevent the formation of frozen blood, blood vessels dilate, or dissolve the clot.
In the case of angiography is performed to diagnose the problem, radiologists may be able to simultaneously remove blood clots, or open a narrowed artery with angioplasty.
A balloon used in angioplasty at the end of the catheter to compress the fatty deposits and stretch the artery, thus making a wider path for blood flow. A metallic coil (stent) can be positioned in extra to help keep the artery open.
3. Treatment for chronic mesenteric artery ischemiaTreatment aims to restore blood flow to the intestines. The surgeon can expand the narrowed arteries or bypass clogged arteries with angioplasty or stenting therapy.
4. Ischemia due to venous thrombosis mesesenterik
In the case of a person's intestine showed no signs of damage, probably will need to take anticoagulant medication for about 3-6 months. Anticoagulants help prevent the formation of frozen blood.
As part of the intestine showed signs of damage, patients will still need surgery to retrieve the broken part. After surgery, one may need to take anticoagulants for a short time.
Sources: Epharmapedia
Kamis, 27 Oktober 2011
Burned Lungs After Smoking Marijuana Synthetic
Synthetic marijuana did not seem to be safer than the original pot. After smoking marijuana synthetics, a teenager in the U.S. undergoes a chemical reaction that causes severe burns to his lungs and killed him a few months later.
13-year-olds reportedly fell ill, shortly after synthetic smoke marijuana in mid-2010. Teenage boys from Pennsylvania's synthetic smoke marijuana with the tool box or in the form of a plastic candy dispensers.
Shortly thereafter, smoke marijuana caused a chemical reaction that made her lungs on fire and had to be rushed to the hospital. In June 2011, his lungs were not working so it must breathe with respitator.
Because of his condition worsened, in September 2011 he underwent a transplant or lung transplant. As with transplantation in general, men are not to be named was also given medication for her to receive his new lungs and do not regard it as a foreign body.
"Anti-rejection drugs that he had consumption weakens their immune sisitem so that he could not fight off infections that attack the body, said Tonya Rice, the biological mother of this teenage boy as quoted from MSNBC, Friday (28/10/2011).
In the end, a synthetic marijuana smoked several months ago did not directly kill the youth of this poor guy. But after his lungs were damaged and undergo a series of procedures, adolescent males are not able to resist infection and ultimately died on Thursday, October 20, 2011.
Related to this case, the Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Corbett eventually ban a synthetic cannabis in the state. Regulations prohibiting Corbett has signed a few months ago and came into force in August 2011, shortly after the teenage boy fell ill.
13-year-olds reportedly fell ill, shortly after synthetic smoke marijuana in mid-2010. Teenage boys from Pennsylvania's synthetic smoke marijuana with the tool box or in the form of a plastic candy dispensers.
Shortly thereafter, smoke marijuana caused a chemical reaction that made her lungs on fire and had to be rushed to the hospital. In June 2011, his lungs were not working so it must breathe with respitator.
Because of his condition worsened, in September 2011 he underwent a transplant or lung transplant. As with transplantation in general, men are not to be named was also given medication for her to receive his new lungs and do not regard it as a foreign body.
"Anti-rejection drugs that he had consumption weakens their immune sisitem so that he could not fight off infections that attack the body, said Tonya Rice, the biological mother of this teenage boy as quoted from MSNBC, Friday (28/10/2011).
In the end, a synthetic marijuana smoked several months ago did not directly kill the youth of this poor guy. But after his lungs were damaged and undergo a series of procedures, adolescent males are not able to resist infection and ultimately died on Thursday, October 20, 2011.
Related to this case, the Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Corbett eventually ban a synthetic cannabis in the state. Regulations prohibiting Corbett has signed a few months ago and came into force in August 2011, shortly after the teenage boy fell ill.
Python Snake heart for Human Heart Disease Drugs
Python snakes are very dangerous and can be fatal. But a new finding suggests that the heart of python can be used for the treatment of heart disease in humans.
Researchers from the University of Colorado analyzed why snakes like to eat blood python that abortion is rich in triglycerides and stored in the heart muscle can be free from damage that can lead to heart disease.
"Apparently this is because the heart is python capable of burning fat efficiently without hazard," said Leslie Leinwand biological researcher, as quoted by FoxNews, Friday (10/28/2011).
In people who have heart disease or high blood pressure often swell the heart muscle due to too hard to pump blood is usually caused by plaque buildup. This condition makes the heart can not work efficiently and lead to damage.
Leinwald therefore conducted a study to create a drug therapy that could push the ailing heart to return to healthy growth. One is to use python heart.
Researchers discovered the existence of certain molecules that provide signals for the heart to keep growing and keep the damage. Furthermore, researchers used mice to perform the testing.
The results obtained by researchers is the heart of rats can still grow and there are no signs of muscle rigidity that accompanies the growth of the heart in patients with heart disease.
Expected results of this study will be used to treat heart disease in humans. The results of this study have been reported in the journal Science.
Researchers from the University of Colorado analyzed why snakes like to eat blood python that abortion is rich in triglycerides and stored in the heart muscle can be free from damage that can lead to heart disease.
"Apparently this is because the heart is python capable of burning fat efficiently without hazard," said Leslie Leinwand biological researcher, as quoted by FoxNews, Friday (10/28/2011).
In people who have heart disease or high blood pressure often swell the heart muscle due to too hard to pump blood is usually caused by plaque buildup. This condition makes the heart can not work efficiently and lead to damage.
Leinwald therefore conducted a study to create a drug therapy that could push the ailing heart to return to healthy growth. One is to use python heart.
Researchers discovered the existence of certain molecules that provide signals for the heart to keep growing and keep the damage. Furthermore, researchers used mice to perform the testing.
The results obtained by researchers is the heart of rats can still grow and there are no signs of muscle rigidity that accompanies the growth of the heart in patients with heart disease.
Expected results of this study will be used to treat heart disease in humans. The results of this study have been reported in the journal Science.
Ehrlichiosis, Pain For Flea Bite Vacuum Blood
Ehrlichiosis is a bacterial disease transmitted by ticks. The signs and symptoms of ehrlichiosis ranging from mild to severe body aches and fever that appear within a week or two weeks after a tick bite.
If treated quickly with antibiotics, ehrlichiosis generally improves within a few days. The best way to prevent infection is to avoid tick bites.
Symptom
If lice carriers of bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis have been biting for 24 hours, the signs and symptoms below may appear within five to 14 days after the bite:
Mild fever
Headache
Muscle pain
Nausea
Throw up
Diarrhea
Cough
Confusion
Rash
Some people infected with ehrlichiosis may have symptoms so mild they do not need to seek medical help and the body can fight the disease itself. But untreated ehrlichiosis with persistent symptoms can cause serious illness and require hospitalization.
Cause
Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis bacteria transmitted by ticks and Lone Star. Fleas are attached to the host and drinking the blood of its host to swell several times their normal size. During the meal, bacteria carrying ticks can transmit the bacteria to host a healthy, or be able to take up the bacteria if inangngnya already infected.
Ehrlichiosis occurs when the body was bitten by an infected flea. The bacteria enter the skin through bites and flowing in the bloodstream. Before bacteria can be transmitted, must be attached ticks and blood drinking at least for 24 hours.
A lice and fleas already bloated show that eating long enough to transmit the bacteria. Disposing of ticks can prevent infection as soon as possible. Ehrlichiosis can be transmitted through blood transfusions, from mother to fetus, and through direct contact with infected animals.
Treatments and drugs
If the doctor suspects a person is exposed ehrlichiosis or other diseases caused by tick bites, the doctor will prescribe an antibiotic such as doxycycline or tetracycline. Antibiotics commonly used for seven to ten days later seen the signs and symptoms begin to subside within two days.
Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics for a longer period if there is a possibility of infection of Lyme disease as well. For pregnant women, doctors may prescribe an antibiotic rifampin instead, because tetracycline and doxycycline is not recommended during pregnancy.
Sources: MayoClinic
If treated quickly with antibiotics, ehrlichiosis generally improves within a few days. The best way to prevent infection is to avoid tick bites.
Symptom
If lice carriers of bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis have been biting for 24 hours, the signs and symptoms below may appear within five to 14 days after the bite:
Mild fever
Headache
Muscle pain
Nausea
Throw up
Diarrhea
Cough
Confusion
Rash
Some people infected with ehrlichiosis may have symptoms so mild they do not need to seek medical help and the body can fight the disease itself. But untreated ehrlichiosis with persistent symptoms can cause serious illness and require hospitalization.
Cause
Ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis bacteria transmitted by ticks and Lone Star. Fleas are attached to the host and drinking the blood of its host to swell several times their normal size. During the meal, bacteria carrying ticks can transmit the bacteria to host a healthy, or be able to take up the bacteria if inangngnya already infected.
Ehrlichiosis occurs when the body was bitten by an infected flea. The bacteria enter the skin through bites and flowing in the bloodstream. Before bacteria can be transmitted, must be attached ticks and blood drinking at least for 24 hours.
A lice and fleas already bloated show that eating long enough to transmit the bacteria. Disposing of ticks can prevent infection as soon as possible. Ehrlichiosis can be transmitted through blood transfusions, from mother to fetus, and through direct contact with infected animals.
Treatments and drugs
If the doctor suspects a person is exposed ehrlichiosis or other diseases caused by tick bites, the doctor will prescribe an antibiotic such as doxycycline or tetracycline. Antibiotics commonly used for seven to ten days later seen the signs and symptoms begin to subside within two days.
Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics for a longer period if there is a possibility of infection of Lyme disease as well. For pregnant women, doctors may prescribe an antibiotic rifampin instead, because tetracycline and doxycycline is not recommended during pregnancy.
Sources: MayoClinic
Loperamide, Drugs that Help Cure Diarrhea
Loperamide is a drug used to treat diarrhea. Loperamide helps stop diarrhea by slowing the movement of the intestines. These drugs are only available by prescription. This product is available in dosage forms of tablets, capsules, liquids, chewable tablets, and solutions
Dose
1. For capsule dosage forms:- Adults and teenagers: Dose is generally 4 mg (2 capsules) after the first bowel movement, and 2 mg (1 capsule) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 16 mg (8 capsules) within twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 8 to 12 years: The dose is generally 2 mg (1 capsule) three times daily.
- Children ages 6 to 8 years: The dose is generally 2 mg (1 capsule) twice a day.
- Children under 6 years: Use is not recommended unless directed by a physician.
2. For oral solution dosage forms:- Adults and teenagers: Dose is generally 4 teaspoon (4 mg) after the first bowel movement and 2 teaspoonfuls (2 mg) after the first dose drink. Do not exceed 8 teaspoon (8 mg) in twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 9 to 11 years: The dose is generally 2 teaspoon (2 mg) after the first bowel movement, and 1 teaspoon (1 mg) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 6 teaspoons (6 mg) in twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 6 to 8 years: The dose is generally 2 teaspoon (2 mg) after the first bowel movement, and 1 teaspoon (1 mg) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 4 teaspoon (4 mg) in twenty-four hours.
- Children under 6 years of age: Use is not recommended unless directed by a physician.
3. For tablet dosage forms:- Adults and teenagers: Dose is generally 4 mg (2 tablets) after the first bowel movement, and 2 mg (1 tablet) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 8 mg (4 tablets) within twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 9 to 11 years: The dose is generally 2 mg (1 tablet) after the first bowel movement, and 1 mg (½ tablet) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 6 mg (3 tablets) in twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 6 to 8 years: The dose is generally 2 mg (1 tablet) after the first bowel movement, and 1 mg (½ tablet) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 4 mg (2 tablets) within twenty-four hours.
- Children at the age of 6 years highlights: Use is not recommended unless directed by a physician.
Side Effects
Drug side effects are quite rare. However, if any, symptoms may include:
Bloating
Constipation
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting
Skin rash
Sources: MayoClinic
Dose
1. For capsule dosage forms:- Adults and teenagers: Dose is generally 4 mg (2 capsules) after the first bowel movement, and 2 mg (1 capsule) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 16 mg (8 capsules) within twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 8 to 12 years: The dose is generally 2 mg (1 capsule) three times daily.
- Children ages 6 to 8 years: The dose is generally 2 mg (1 capsule) twice a day.
- Children under 6 years: Use is not recommended unless directed by a physician.
2. For oral solution dosage forms:- Adults and teenagers: Dose is generally 4 teaspoon (4 mg) after the first bowel movement and 2 teaspoonfuls (2 mg) after the first dose drink. Do not exceed 8 teaspoon (8 mg) in twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 9 to 11 years: The dose is generally 2 teaspoon (2 mg) after the first bowel movement, and 1 teaspoon (1 mg) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 6 teaspoons (6 mg) in twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 6 to 8 years: The dose is generally 2 teaspoon (2 mg) after the first bowel movement, and 1 teaspoon (1 mg) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 4 teaspoon (4 mg) in twenty-four hours.
- Children under 6 years of age: Use is not recommended unless directed by a physician.
3. For tablet dosage forms:- Adults and teenagers: Dose is generally 4 mg (2 tablets) after the first bowel movement, and 2 mg (1 tablet) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 8 mg (4 tablets) within twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 9 to 11 years: The dose is generally 2 mg (1 tablet) after the first bowel movement, and 1 mg (½ tablet) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 6 mg (3 tablets) in twenty-four hours.
- Children ages 6 to 8 years: The dose is generally 2 mg (1 tablet) after the first bowel movement, and 1 mg (½ tablet) after the first dose is taken. Do not exceed 4 mg (2 tablets) within twenty-four hours.
- Children at the age of 6 years highlights: Use is not recommended unless directed by a physician.
Side Effects
Drug side effects are quite rare. However, if any, symptoms may include:
Bloating
Constipation
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting
Skin rash
Sources: MayoClinic
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